“Astonishing successes” and “bitter disappointment”: The specific heat of hydrogen in quantum theory
Document Type
Article
Publication Date
2010
Disciplines
Physical Sciences and Mathematics | Physics | Quantum Physics
Abstract
The specific heat of hydrogen gas at low temperatures was first measured in 1912 by Arnold Eucken in Walther Nernst’s laboratory in Berlin, and provided one of the earliest experimental supports for the new quantum theory. Even earlier, Nernst had developed a quantum theory of rotating diatomic gas molecules that figured in the discussions at the first Solvay conference in late 1911. Between
1913 and 1925, Albert Einstein, Paul Ehrenfest, Max Planck, Fritz Reiche, and Erwin Schrödinger, among many others, attempted theoretical descriptions of the rotational specific heat of hydrogen, with only limited success. Quantum theory also was central to the study of molecular spectra, where initially it was more successful. Moreover, the two problems interacted in sometimes surprising ways. Not until 1927, following Werner Heisenberg’s discovery of the behavior of indistinguishable particles in modern quantum mechanics, did American theorist David Dennison find a successful theory of the specific heat of hydrogen.
Recommended Citation
Gearhart CA. 2010. “Astonishing successes” and “bitter disappointment”: The specific heat of hydrogen in quantum theory. Archive for History of Exact Science 64: 113–202.
Comments
DOI:10.1007/s00407-009-0053-2
Dedicated to the memory of Martin J. Klein. Communicated by R.H. Stuewer. This paper was written in cooperation with the joint project in the history of quantum physics sponsored by the Max-Planck-Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte and the Fritz-Haber-Institut in Berlin.